Check out Riverside bait and tackle in Fayetteville, it is on the Cape Fear river, has a boat ramp at it, they sell bait, and should be able to tell you what the catfish are eating.
Bass fishing is Jordan and Harris, both about 1 hour north of post. There may be some bass opportunities in the cape fear river too but I have no personal experience with that. I wouldn't waste your money on the fishing permit for Fort Bragg, just my opinion from a couple trips, what I've heard others say, and my feelings about them charging us $25 to fish and another $25 if you want to hunt, and 14,000 extra restrictions and rules, I just stay away from Bragg when possible.
Let the forum members know if you're fishing from shore, boat, kayak, canoe, so they can cater their answers to best fit your situation. You'll find a lot of good guys on here willing to help you learn. Use the search function too, you will usually find the answers you're looking for in previous posts. PM me when you have the ability, we can talk about the unit you were in , I may know it. Welcome to the site.